Use of the preposition above. The preposition “above” is a seemingly simple word, yet it holds a surprising amount of nuance and versatility in English. While its most common usage indicates a position higher than something else, “above” extends far beyond mere physical location. Understanding its various applications is crucial for clear and precise communication in writing and speaking. This comprehensive guide will delve into the diverse uses of “above,” exploring its different meanings, grammatical functions, and providing examples to illustrate its proper application.
Use of the preposition above
1. Physical Location: Higher in Position
This is perhaps the most straightforward and widely recognized use of “above.” “Above” denotes a position that is higher than another object or point of reference. In this context, it is a preposition of place.
- Examples:
- “The clouds drifted lazily above the mountain peaks.” (Describes the position of clouds relative to the mountains.)
- “Hang the painting above the fireplace.” (Instructions to place the painting higher than the fireplace.)
- “The attic is located above the second floor.” (Indicates the location of the attic above the floor below.)
- “The temperature is well above freezing.” (Describes the temperature about the freezing point.)
In these examples, “above” clearly indicates a higher vertical position. The reference point, whether it’s the mountain, fireplace, floor, or freezing point, is crucial for understanding the location being described.
2. Hierarchical Position or Rank: Superiority
“Above” can also signify a position of superiority, whether in a social hierarchy, an organizational structure, or any other system of ranking. This meaning transcends physical height and focuses on relative importance or power.
- Examples:
- “The general is above the colonel in the military hierarchy.” (Indicates a higher rank within the military structure.)
- “The CEO is above all other employees in the company.” (Describes the CEO’s position as the most senior in the company.)
- “He is above suspicion.” (Implies that the person’s reputation and integrity are so high that they are unlikely to be suspected of wrongdoing.)
- “The judge is above the law in that he interprets it, but he is not immune to it.” (Highlights the judge’s role as an interpreter of the law, while acknowledging their accountability to it.)
Here, “above” denotes a higher level of authority, responsibility, or status. It’s important to note that this usage often carries connotations of respect, authority, and potentially, greater accountability.
3. Exceeding a Limit or Standard: More Than
Another common application of “above” involves exceeding a certain limit, level, or standard. This use often relates to quantities, values, or abilities.
- Examples:
- “The speed limit is 60 mph, so driving above that is illegal.” (Indicates exceeding the permitted speed.)
- “Her performance was above average this quarter.” (Implies a performance that surpasses the usual standard.)
- “The water level is above the flood stage.” (Describes a dangerous condition where the water exceeds the safe limit.)
- “The cost of living in New York City is far above the national average.” (Compares the cost of living in NYC to the national benchmark.)
In these cases, “above” acts as a marker of exceeding a particular threshold. It signals a movement beyond a designated value or standard.
4. Moral or Ethical Considerations: Beyond Reproach
“Above” can also be used to describe someone or something that is beyond reproach, acting in a morally upright or ethical manner. This meaning connects to the idea of being “above” unethical behavior or temptations.
- Examples:
- “He is a man above corruption.” (Implies that the person is morally incapable of being corrupted.)
- “She rose above the pettiness of office politics.” (Indicates her refusal to engage in trivial and often negative workplace behaviors.)
- “He placed the needs of the community above his own personal gain.” (Highlights his altruistic behavior and prioritizing of collective welfare.)
This usage of “above” signifies a commitment to higher moral principles and an unwillingness to compromise integrity. It often carries a sense of admiration and respect.
5. Referring to Text or Information: Earlier in a Document
In written contexts, “above” can refer to information that has already been presented earlier in the same document. This is a common usage in academic writing, technical manuals, and other formal documents.
- Examples:
- “As discussed above, the results of the experiment were inconclusive.” (Refers back to a previous discussion of the experimental results.)
- “See the diagram above for a visual representation of the process.” (Directs the reader to a diagram located earlier in the document.)
- “The principles outlined above will be applied in the following section.” (Prepares the reader for how previously mentioned principles will be used later.)
This usage ensures coherence and clarity by linking back to previously presented information. It helps the reader navigate the document and understand the connections between different sections.
6. As an Adverb:
While primarily functioning as a preposition, “above” can also act as an adverb. As an adverb, it modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, usually indicating a higher position or degree.
- Examples:
- “Look above.” (Modifies the verb “look,” indicating to look in a higher direction.)
- “He lived above.” (Modifies the verb “lived,” indicating that he lived on an upper floor or story.)
The adverbial use is less common than the prepositional use, but it still serves a valuable purpose in concisely indicating a higher position or degree.
7. Common Idiomatic Expressions Using “Above”:
Understanding the nuances of “above” also requires familiarity with common idiomatic expressions that incorporate the word:
- Above all: Meaning most importantly or primarily. Example: Above all, safety should be your priority.
- Above board: Meaning honest and legitimate. Example: The deal was conducted completely above board.
- Above suspicion: Meaning beyond any reasonable doubt of wrongdoing. Example: His actions were above suspicion.
- Above average: Meaning better than the typical or usual. Example: Her grades were above average.
- Above one’s head: Meaning too difficult to understand. Example: The technical jargon was completely above my head.
These idiomatic expressions add depth and color to the English language, enriching its expressive power.
Conclusion:
The preposition “above” is far more than just a simple indicator of physical location. Its versatility allows it to express concepts of hierarchy, exceeding limits, moral superiority, and textual reference. By understanding the various ways in which “above” can be used, you can significantly improve your ability to communicate clearly and effectively in both written and spoken English. Mastering this preposition is a step towards achieving greater precision and nuance in your language skills. So, strive to use “above” correctly and your communication will be, well, above the rest!
